Egypt is one of the world's oldest civilizations, with a history dating back over 5,000 years to the time of the pharaohs. It later became part of the Persian, Greek, and Roman empires before the Arab Muslim conquest in the 7th century. Ottoman and British rule followed until Egypt gained independence in 1952. Today, it remains a cultural and political powerhouse in the Arab world, with a diverse economy and a rich historical legacy, including the Pyramids of Giza.
Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, connected by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Covering an area of approximately 1 million square kilometers, Egypt has a population exceeding 100 million people, making it the third-most populous country in Africa as of 2023. The capital and largest city is Cairo. The official language is Arabic. Egypt operates as a unitary semi-presidential republic. The economy is diverse, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry, and services. Egypt is known for its ancient civilization and monuments like the Pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx. It is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, and the Arab League.
